What is the primary objective of **FDA 21 CFR Part 11**?

**The primary objective of FDA 21 CFR Part 11 is to establish criteria under which the FDA considers electronic records and electronic signatures trustworthy, reliable, and equivalent to paper records and handwritten signatures (§11.1(a)).** This equivalency enables electronic methods while ensuring authenticity, integrity, availability, and non-repudiation through controls like validation (§11.10(a)), audit trails (§11.10(e)), access limitations (§11.10(d)), and electronic signature requirements (§§11.50–11.300).

Who is legally or professionally required to comply with **FDA 21 CFR Part 11**?

**FDA 21 CFR Part 11 applies to organizations using electronic records created, modified, maintained, archived, retrieved, or transmitted under predicate rules, or relied upon for regulated activities (§11.1(b)).** This includes pharmaceutical, biotech, medical device, and CRO/CMO firms where electronic records replace paper for batch records, stability data, or submissions accepted under docket 92S-0251, and electronic signatures intended as legally binding equivalents.

Does **FDA 21 CFR Part 11** require an external audit or third-party certification?

**No, FDA 21 CFR Part 11 does not require external audits or third-party certification.** Compliance is demonstrated through internal controls, validation (§11.10(a)), SOPs, training (§11.10(i)), and inspection readiness (§11.1(e)), with systems and documentation readily available for FDA review. FDA's 2003 guidance emphasizes risk-based approaches without mandating external validation.

How often should an assessment for **FDA 21 CFR Part 11** be performed?

**FDA 21 CFR Part 11 does not prescribe a fixed frequency for assessments; they must occur via change control, periodic reviews, and risk-based validation lifecycle management.** Ongoing compliance requires reassessing scope upon system changes, with operational checks (§11.10(f)), documentation controls (§11.10(k)), and predicate rule alignment ensuring sustained fitness for use.

What are the consequences of non-compliance with **FDA 21 CFR Part 11**?

**Non-compliance with FDA 21 CFR Part 11 can result in FDA Form 483 observations, warning letters, product holds, recalls, or enforcement actions for predicate rule violations.** The 2003 guidance notes continued enforcement of access controls (§11.10(d)), signature rules (§§11.100–11.300), and data integrity failures, potentially leading to invalidated records, batch rejections, or injunctions.

Can **FDA 21 CFR Part 11** be mapped to other international frameworks?

**Yes, FDA 21 CFR Part 11 controls can be mapped to frameworks like EU Annex 11 for aligned data integrity practices.** Core elements such as audit trails (§11.10(e)), electronic signatures (§11.200), and open system encryption (§11.30) overlap with international standards, enabling risk-based harmonization without altering Part 11 scope.

What is the first step to begin implementing **FDA 21 CFR Part 11**?

**The first step to implement FDA 21 CFR Part 11 is to establish a formal applicability framework mapping predicate rules to records and assessing business reliance on electronic versions.** Document decisions in SOPs per 2003 guidance, classifying systems as closed (§11.3(b)(4)) or open (§11.3(b)(9)) to define scope and prioritize controls.

What is the primary objective of **SQF**?

**The primary objective of SQF is to provide a rigorous, HACCP-based food safety management system that assures consistent production of safe food through documented controls, implementation, and verification.** SQF, administered by the SQF Institute (SQFI), combines universal **Module 2 System Elements** (management commitment, HACCP Food Safety Plan, verification, traceability) with sector-specific Good Practices modules (e.g., **Module 11** for food manufacturing GMPs). It follows the triad: "say what you do" (document), "do what you say" (implement), "prove it" (records), enabling GFSI-benchmarked certification across supply chains.

Who is legally or professionally required to comply with **SQF**?

**SQF compliance is not legally mandated but is a professional requirement for suppliers to major retailers, brand owners, and foodservice providers worldwide.** Over 14,000 certified sites in 40+ countries use SQF as a "license to trade," particularly in food manufacturing (**Module 2 + 11**), storage/distribution, packaging, and primary production. Sites must designate a full-time, on-site **SQF Practitioner** (HACCP-trained, competent in the Code) and implement mandatory elements like Food Safety Policy (2.1.1) and Approved Supplier Program (2.4.4).

Does **SQF** require an external audit or third-party certification?

**Yes, SQF requires annual external audits by SQFI-licensed Certification Bodies (CBs) accredited to ISO/IEC 17065, culminating in third-party certification.** Audits include initial certification, surveillance, recertification, and periodic unannounced audits (e.g., every 3 years). Nonconformities are graded (minor=1pt, major=5pts, critical=50pts) with score bands (E:96-100, G:86-95, C:70-85, F:<70); certification demands effective CAPA closure, often within 30 days.

How often should an assessment for **SQF** be performed?

**SQF requires annual external certification audits, complemented by ongoing internal audits and at least annual management reviews.** Internal audits (2.5.5, a top nonconformance) must cover all elements; management reviews (2.1.3) occur annually with monthly **SQF Practitioner** updates on audits, CAPA, hazards, and complaints. Crisis/recall plans and training (2.9.2) need annual testing/verification.

What are the consequences of non-compliance with **SQF**?

**Non-compliance with SQF results in audit failure, certification denial/suspension, loss of market access, and commercial risks like contract termination or recalls.** Critical nonconformities (e.g., uncontrolled hazards) trigger immediate suspension; unclosed majors delay certification. Common failures (internal audits, PRPs) lead to re-audits, fees, and exclusion from GFSI-recognized buyer programs, amplifying recall exposure and reputational damage.

Can **SQF** be mapped to other international frameworks?

**Yes, SQF maps to other GFSI-benchmarked frameworks through shared HACCP principles, management systems, and preventive controls.** Its **Module 2** elements (document control, CAPA, internal audits, traceability) align with global standards, enabling reduced duplication. SQFI notes compatibility with regulatory regimes like FDA FSMA via supplier verification and validation (2.5.1-2.5.2).

What is the first step to begin implementing **SQF**?

**The first step to implement SQF is site registration in the SQFI assessment database and designation of a competent, full-time SQF Practitioner.** Follow with gap analysis against the Code (Edition 9+), scope definition (modules/FSCs), and development of Food Safety Policy (2.1.1). Engage a licensed CB for pre-assessment.

FDA 21 CFR Part 11 vs SQF

Standards Comparison

FDA 21 CFR Part 11

Mandatory

1997

FDA regulation for electronic records and signatures equivalency

SQF

Voluntary

2023

GFSI-benchmarked certification for food safety management

Quick Verdict

FDA 21 CFR Part 11 mandates electronic records/signatures trustworthiness for life sciences, ensuring data integrity via validation and controls. SQF is a voluntary GFSI certification for food safety via HACCP/GMPs. Pharma adopts Part 11 for compliance; food firms use SQF for market access.

Electronic Records

FDA 21 CFR Part 11

21 CFR Part 11 Electronic Records; Electronic Signatures

Cost

€€€€

Complexity

Medium

Implementation Time

12-18 months

Key Features

Establishes equivalency for electronic records to paper records
Mandates secure time-stamped audit trails for changes
Requires unique non-repudiable electronic signatures
Differentiates controls for closed versus open systems
Enforces risk-based system validation and access limits

Agile Scaling

SQF

SQF Food Safety Code Edition 9

Cost

€€€

Complexity

High

Implementation Time

6-12 months

Key Features

Modular structure: Module 2 plus sector-specific GMPs
HACCP-based Food Safety Plan with validation
Mandatory full-time SQF Practitioner role
GFSI-benchmarked annual audits with scoring
Traceability, recall, and crisis management requirements

Detailed Analysis

A comprehensive look at the specific requirements, scope, and impact of each standard.

FDA 21 CFR Part 11 Details

What It Is

FDA 21 CFR Part 11 is a U.S. regulation establishing criteria for electronic records and electronic signatures to be trustworthy, reliable, and equivalent to paper records and handwritten signatures. It applies to FDA-regulated industries using electronic systems for predicate-rule records. The risk-based approach narrows scope to records relied upon electronically, with controls for closed/open systems.

Key Components

**Subpart BElectronic records controls (validation, audit trails, access limits, checks, documentation).
**Subpart CElectronic signatures (manifestation, linking, uniqueness, multi-component controls).
Core principles: authenticity, integrity, non-repudiation, inspection readiness.
No formal certification; compliance via validation, SOPs, FDA enforcement.

Why Organizations Use It

Mandated for life sciences firms using electronic records; ensures data integrity, avoids enforcement actions like warning letters. Benefits include efficient inspections, quality improvements, digital transformation. Builds stakeholder trust, reduces recalls, supports global harmonization.

Implementation Overview

Risk-based CSV lifecycle: scoping, validation (IQ/OQ/PQ), supplier governance, training, change control. Applies to pharma, devices, biotech; phased for any size. Ongoing audits, no external certification needed.

SQF Details

What It Is

Safe Quality Food (SQF) is a GFSI-benchmarked food safety certification program administered by the SQF Institute (SQFI). It ensures safe food production across the supply chain—from farm to fork—using a HACCP-based, risk-oriented management system with modular structure for various sectors.

Key Components

**Modular architectureUniversal Module 2 (System Elements) paired with sector-specific Good Practices (e.g., Module 11 for manufacturing GMPs).
Core areas: Management commitment, HACCP Food Safety Plan, PRPs (hygiene, pest control), verification/validation, traceability, food defense/fraud, allergens, training.
Built on Codex/NACMCF HACCP principles; ~mandatory clauses in Module 2; annual third-party audits with scoring (E/G/C/F grades).

Why Organizations Use It

Meets retailer/brand requirements for market access and reduces duplicate audits.
Enhances risk management, recall prevention, regulatory alignment (e.g., FSMA).
Builds stakeholder trust via GFSI recognition; drives food safety culture and efficiency.

Implementation Overview

Phased: Gap analysis, documentation, training, internal audits, certification audit.
Applies to food manufacturers, storage, distributors globally; suits all sizes with FSC tailoring.
Requires SQF Practitioner, records proving "say-do-prove"; ongoing surveillance audits.

Key Differences

Aspect	FDA 21 CFR Part 11	SQF
Scope	Electronic records/signatures trustworthiness	Food safety management systems, HACCP, GMPs
Industry	Life sciences, pharma, medical devices, US-focused	Food manufacturing, storage, global supply chain
Nature	Mandatory US FDA regulation, enforceable	Voluntary GFSI-benchmarked certification
Testing	Risk-based system validation, FDA inspections	Annual third-party audits, internal verification
Penalties	Warning letters, enforcement, product holds	Loss of certification, market access denial

Scope

FDA 21 CFR Part 11

Electronic records/signatures trustworthiness

SQF

Food safety management systems, HACCP, GMPs

Industry

FDA 21 CFR Part 11

Life sciences, pharma, medical devices, US-focused

SQF

Food manufacturing, storage, global supply chain

Nature

FDA 21 CFR Part 11

Mandatory US FDA regulation, enforceable

SQF

Voluntary GFSI-benchmarked certification

Testing

FDA 21 CFR Part 11

Risk-based system validation, FDA inspections

SQF

Annual third-party audits, internal verification

Penalties

FDA 21 CFR Part 11

Warning letters, enforcement, product holds

SQF

Loss of certification, market access denial

Frequently Asked Questions

Common questions about FDA 21 CFR Part 11 and SQF

FDA 21 CFR Part 11 FAQ

SQF FAQ

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FDA 21 CFR Part 11

SQF

Quick Verdict

FDA 21 CFR Part 11

Key Features

SQF

Key Features

Detailed Analysis

FDA 21 CFR Part 11 Details

What It Is

Key Components

Why Organizations Use It

Implementation Overview

SQF Details

What It Is

Key Components

Why Organizations Use It

Implementation Overview

Key Differences

Scope

Industry

Nature

Testing

Penalties

Frequently Asked Questions

FDA 21 CFR Part 11 FAQ

What is the primary objective of FDA 21 CFR Part 11?

Who is legally or professionally required to comply with FDA 21 CFR Part 11?

Does FDA 21 CFR Part 11 require an external audit or third-party certification?

How often should an assessment for FDA 21 CFR Part 11 be performed?

What are the consequences of non-compliance with FDA 21 CFR Part 11?

Can FDA 21 CFR Part 11 be mapped to other international frameworks?

What is the first step to begin implementing FDA 21 CFR Part 11?

SQF FAQ

What is the primary objective of SQF?

Who is legally or professionally required to comply with SQF?

Does SQF require an external audit or third-party certification?

How often should an assessment for SQF be performed?

What are the consequences of non-compliance with SQF?

Can SQF be mapped to other international frameworks?

What is the first step to begin implementing SQF?

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Top 10 Cost-Saving Hacks for CMMC Compliance: Budgeting Blueprints for Small DIB Suppliers

Run Maturity Assessments with GRADUM

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ISO 9001 vs BRC

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