General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is the EU's comprehensive privacy law, adopted in 2016 and enforceable since May 25, 2018. It replaces the 1995 Data Protection Directive, directly applicable without national transposition.

Organizations must implement GDPR if processing EU residents' personal data, due to its mandatory nature and extraterritorial reach (Art. 3). Non-compliance risks fines up to €20M or 4% global turnover.

Benefits: Harmonizes rules across EU, enhances trust via strong rights (erasure, portability), boosts competitiveness in Digital Single Market, sets global benchmark influencing LGPD, CCPA.

Key aspects:

• Accountability & privacy-by-design.
• 72-hour breach notifications.
• One-stop-shop supervision.
• Data Protection Officers for high-risk processing.
• Robust enforcement by DPAs/EDPB.

It protects fundamental rights amid tech evolution, driving privacy-by-default worldwide. (148 words)

ISO/IEC 27001:2022

ISO/IEC 27001 is the international standard for establishing, implementing, maintaining, and improving an Information Security Management System (ISMS). It protects information confidentiality, integrity, and availability via a risk-based approach.

Organizations use it to manage security risks systematically, comply with regulations like GDPR/NIS2, win contracts, reduce breach costs, and build trust with stakeholders.

Key benefits: Competitive edge through certification, optimized security spending, faster incident response, integrated governance, and continual improvement (PDCA cycle).

Important aspects:

• Clauses 4-10: Context, leadership, planning, support, operation, evaluation, improvement.
• Annex A: 93 controls in 4 themes (Organizational, People, Physical, Technological).
• Statement of Applicability (SoA) justifying control selection.
• Top management accountability and internal audits.

Certification involves Stage 1/2 audits, with surveillance/recertification. (148 words)