What is the primary objective of **NIS2**?

**The primary objective of NIS2 is to establish a high common level of cybersecurity and resilience across EU member states by strengthening critical infrastructure and digital services against cyber threats.** NIS2 (Directive (EU) 2022/2555) expands on the original NIS Directive, imposing risk management, incident reporting, business continuity, and governance requirements on **essential** and **important entities** in sectors like energy, transport, health, digital infrastructure, postal services, waste management, and food production.

Who is legally or professionally required to comply with **NIS2**?

**NIS2 applies to all medium-sized and large entities in covered sectors, classified as 'essential' or 'important' entities within the EU.** **Essential entities** typically have 250+ employees, €50M+ annual turnover, or €43M+ balance sheet; **important entities** have 50+ employees, €10M+ annual turnover, or €10M+ balance sheet. Size thresholds may be overridden if an entity is a sole provider of critical services; new sectors include public administration, space, cloud computing, and online marketplaces. EU member states transposed NIS2 by October 17, 2024, with effects from October 18, 2024.

Does **NIS2** require an external audit or third-party certification?

**NIS2 does not mandate external audits or third-party certification, but empowers national authorities for spot checks and real-time evidence demands.** Compliance shifts to continuous assurance via dynamic risk registers, OT/IT asset inventories, and verifiable controls, with regulators like national CSIRTs conducting live inspections. Entities must register with authorities, providing details like name, contacts, sector, and operating states.

How often should an assessment for **NIS2** be performed?

**NIS2 requires ongoing, continuous risk assessments rather than fixed intervals, with quarterly updates to risk registers and asset inventories recommended.** Entities must maintain proactive risk management, including supply chain reviews, vulnerability mitigation, and closed-loop improvements to support real-time compliance evidence.

What are the consequences of non-compliance with **NIS2**?

**Non-compliance with NIS2 incurs fines up to €10 million or 2% of total global annual turnover for essential entities, and €7 million or 1.4% for important entities.** Senior management faces personal liability, potential business suspension, and enforcement via national authorities, including spot checks and incident reporting failures (e.g., missing 24-hour early warnings).

Can **NIS2** be mapped to other international frameworks?

**Yes, EU member states incorporate standards like ISO 27001 and NIST CSF into national NIS2 frameworks to support compliance.** This mapping aids implementation of required risk management, supply chain security, and incident handling, though organizations must align with specific national transpositions.

What is the first step to begin implementing **NIS2**?

**The first step for NIS2 implementation is to determine applicability by assessing entity size, sector, and criticality against EU thresholds.** Conduct a gap analysis of current risk management, register with national authorities, and establish governance with senior management accountability.

What is the primary objective of **COBIT**?

**COBIT's primary objective is to help organizations create value from I&T, manage risk, and optimize resources through a tailored governance system.** COBIT 2019 provides a core model of **40 governance and management objectives** across five domains (**EDM**, **APO**, **BAI**, **DSS**, **MEA**), guided by **six governance system principles** that separate governance from management and ensure end-to-end enterprise coverage.

Who is legally or professionally required to comply with **COBIT**?

**No organization is legally required to comply with COBIT, as it is a voluntary framework maintained by ISACA, not a regulation.** Professionally, it is adopted by enterprises needing structured **EGIT** (enterprise governance of I&T), particularly in regulated sectors like finance and utilities, where boards and executives use its **goals cascade** (13 enterprise goals, 13 alignment goals) to align I&T with strategy.

Oes **COBIT** require an external audit or third-party certification?

**COBIT does not require external audit or third-party certification, as it is a framework, not a certifiable standard.** Organizations may conduct internal **capability assessments** using the **CMMI-based performance management model** (levels 0-5) or leverage **MEA04 Managed Assurance** for self-assurance, with ISACA offering certificates like **COBIT 2019 Foundation** for individuals.

How often should an assessment for **COBIT** be performed?

**COBIT assessments should be performed annually or upon significant changes in design factors, using the performance management model for capability levels 0-5.** The **dynamic governance system principle** requires ongoing monitoring via **MEA** domain objectives, with **APO02 Managed Strategy** practices supporting periodic gap analyses tied to enterprise context and digital maturity.

What are the consequences of non-compliance with **COBIT**?

**Non-compliance with COBIT carries no direct legal penalties, as it is a voluntary framework.** Indirect consequences include heightened enterprise risk, poor I&T value realization, regulatory audit findings (e.g., weak controls), and failure to meet stakeholder needs, potentially leading to operational disruptions or lost competitive advantage without its **40 objectives** and tailoring via **11 design factors**.

An **COBIT** be mapped to other international frameworks?

**Yes, COBIT 2019 explicitly supports mapping to other frameworks via its governance framework principles of alignment, openness, and conceptual modeling.** The **core model** and **components** (e.g., processes, organizational structures) enable interoperability, with ISACA resources providing crosswalks for integration while maintaining a tailored governance system.

What is the first step to begin implementing **COBIT**?

**The first step to implement COBIT is to evaluate enterprise context using the goals cascade and 11 design factors to define a tailored governance system scope.** Per the **COBIT 2019 Design Guide**, initiate with **APO02.01** (understand enterprise direction), conduct a current-state **capability assessment** (levels 0-5), and prioritize objectives from the **40 core model** for phased rollout.

NIS2 vs COBIT | GRADUM

Standards Comparison

NIS2

Mandatory

2022

EU regulation for cybersecurity resilience in critical sectors

COBIT

Voluntary

2019

Global framework for enterprise IT governance and management

Quick Verdict

NIS2 mandates cybersecurity resilience for EU critical sectors with strict reporting and fines, while COBIT provides voluntary IT governance framework for value creation and risk management. Organizations adopt NIS2 for compliance, COBIT for strategic alignment.

Cybersecurity

NIS2

Directive (EU) 2022/2555 (NIS2 Directive)

Cost

€€€€

Complexity

High

Implementation Time

12-18 months

Key Features

Implements size-cap rule capturing medium/large entities
Enforces 24/72-hour multi-stage incident reporting
Imposes direct accountability on senior management
Mandates supply chain security and risk management
Applies fines up to 2% global turnover

IT Governance

COBIT

COBIT 2019 Governance and Management Objectives

Cost

€€€€

Complexity

High

Implementation Time

12-18 months

Key Features

40 objectives across 5 domains (EDM, APO, BAI, DSS, MEA)
11 design factors for tailored governance systems
Goals cascade aligning stakeholder needs to IT
CMMI-based capability levels 0-5 for performance
7 components including processes and culture

Detailed Analysis

A comprehensive look at the specific requirements, scope, and impact of each standard.

NIS2 Details

What It Is

The NIS2 Directive (Directive (EU) 2022/2555) is an EU regulation establishing a high common level of cybersecurity across member states. It expands the original NIS Directive's scope to essential and important entities in sectors like energy, transport, and digital infrastructure, using a risk-based, all-hazards approach to enhance resilience.

Key Components

Four pillars: risk management, incident reporting, business continuity, corporate accountability.
Strict reporting: 24-hour early warning, 72-hour notification, one-month final report.
Leverages standards like ISO 27001 and NIST CSF; focuses on supply chain security and continuous measures.
Compliance via national authorities with spot checks and enforcement.

Why Organizations Use It

Essential for legal compliance amid transposition by October 2024, avoiding fines up to 2% global turnover. Builds cyber resilience, protects critical services, fosters stakeholder trust, and aids multi-state operations.

Implementation Overview

Applies to medium/large entities (50+ employees, €10M+ turnover) in covered sectors EU-wide. Involves risk assessments, management training, reporting setup, supply chain audits. Tailor to national laws; ongoing supervision without formal certification. (178 words)

COBIT Details

What It Is

COBIT 2019, or Control Objectives for Information and Related Technologies, is a comprehensive governance and management framework for enterprise IT (EGIT). Its primary purpose is to help organizations create value from IT, manage risk, and optimize resources by aligning stakeholder needs with actionable objectives. It uses a tailored, design-factor-driven approach with 40 objectives across five domains.

Key Components

**Five domainsEDM (governance), APO, BAI, DSS (management), MEA (assurance).
40 governance and management objectives with practices and metrics.
Six governance system principles and seven components (e.g., processes, structures, culture).
CMMI-based performance management (capability levels 0-5); no formal certification, but assessments via toolkits.

Why Organizations Use It

Drives strategic alignment, risk optimization, and compliance (e.g., SOX, GDPR mappings).
Enhances auditability, reduces incidents, builds stakeholder trust.
Provides competitive edge in digital transformation via tailored governance.

Implementation Overview

**Phased approachAssess gaps, design via 11 factors, pilot objectives, measure capabilities.
Involves training, RACI, MEA monitoring; suits all sizes/industries; voluntary with ISACA assessments.

Key Differences

Aspect	NIS2	COBIT
Scope	Cybersecurity for critical infrastructure sectors	Enterprise IT governance and management
Industry	Essential/important EU entities, size-cap rule	All industries, enterprise-wide IT governance
Nature	Mandatory EU regulation with enforcement	Voluntary ISACA framework for EGIT
Testing	Incident reporting, national authority oversight	Capability assessments, internal audits
Penalties	Fines up to 2% global turnover	No legal penalties, certification loss

Scope

NIS2

Cybersecurity for critical infrastructure sectors

COBIT

Enterprise IT governance and management

Industry

NIS2

Essential/important EU entities, size-cap rule

COBIT

All industries, enterprise-wide IT governance

Nature

NIS2

Mandatory EU regulation with enforcement

COBIT

Voluntary ISACA framework for EGIT

Testing

NIS2

Incident reporting, national authority oversight

COBIT

Capability assessments, internal audits

Penalties

NIS2

Fines up to 2% global turnover

COBIT

No legal penalties, certification loss

Frequently Asked Questions

Common questions about NIS2 and COBIT

NIS2 FAQ

COBIT FAQ

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NIS2

COBIT

Quick Verdict

NIS2

Key Features

COBIT

Key Features

Detailed Analysis

NIS2 Details

What It Is

Key Components

Why Organizations Use It

Implementation Overview

COBIT Details

What It Is

Key Components

Why Organizations Use It

Implementation Overview

Key Differences

Scope

Industry

Nature

Testing

Penalties

Frequently Asked Questions

NIS2 FAQ

What is the primary objective of NIS2?

Who is legally or professionally required to comply with NIS2?

Does NIS2 require an external audit or third-party certification?

How often should an assessment for NIS2 be performed?

What are the consequences of non-compliance with NIS2?

Can NIS2 be mapped to other international frameworks?

What is the first step to begin implementing NIS2?

COBIT FAQ

What is the primary objective of COBIT?

Who is legally or professionally required to comply with COBIT?

Oes COBIT require an external audit or third-party certification?

How often should an assessment for COBIT be performed?

What are the consequences of non-compliance with COBIT?

An COBIT be mapped to other international frameworks?

What is the first step to begin implementing COBIT?

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