What It Is

The NIS2 Directive (Directive (EU) 2022/2555) is an EU regulation expanding the original NIS framework to establish a high common level of cybersecurity resilience across member states. It targets essential and important entities in broadened sectors like energy, transport, health, digital infrastructure, and more, using a risk-based approach emphasizing proactive measures, supply chain security, and incident response.

Key Components

• **Risk managementOngoing assessments, access controls, encryption, business continuity plans.
• **Incident reporting24-hour early warning, 72-hour notification, one-month final report.
• **Corporate accountabilityDirect responsibility for senior management.
• **SupervisionNational authorities conduct spot checks and enforce harmonized rules.

No formal certification; compliance via national transposition by October 2024.

Why Organizations Use It

Essential for legal compliance avoiding fines up to €10M or 2% global turnover. Enhances resilience against threats, ensures operational continuity, builds trust, and provides competitive edge in critical sectors through stronger governance and cross-border cooperation.

Implementation Overview

Assess scope by size (50+ employees, €10M turnover) and sector. Implement risk frameworks, reporting processes, training, and supply chain audits. Tailor to national variations; ongoing with real-time evidence for audits. Applies EU-wide to medium/large entities. (178 words)

What It Is

FedRAMP (Federal Risk and Authorization Management Program) is a U.S. government-wide standardized framework for security assessment, authorization, and continuous monitoring of cloud service offerings (CSOs) used by federal agencies. Its primary purpose is enabling "assess once, use many times" to reduce duplication, based on risk-based NIST SP 800-53 Rev 5 controls mapped to FIPS 199 impact levels (Low, Moderate, High, LI-SaaS).

Key Components

• **Baselines~156 (Low), ~323 (Moderate), ~410 (High) controls across 20 families.
• Core artifacts: SSP, SAR, POA&M, continuous monitoring plans.
• Built on NIST standards, 3PAO assessments, FedRAMP Marketplace.
• Compliance via Agency/Program Authorizations, ongoing monitoring.

Why Organizations Use It

• Unlocks $20M+ federal contracts, CMMC compliance.
• Demonstrates mature security for commercial clients.
• Reduces risk, builds stakeholder trust via reusable authorizations.

Implementation Overview

• Phased: Sponsor, preparation, 3PAO assessment, monitoring (12-18 months typical).
• Applies to CSPs targeting U.S. federal market; high documentation, audits required.