What It Is

NIS2 Directive (EU) 2022/2555 is an EU regulation expanding the original NIS Directive. It establishes a high common level of cybersecurity across member states, targeting essential and important entities in critical sectors like energy, transport, and digital infrastructure. It uses a risk-based approach with continuous assurance rather than static compliance.

Key Components

• Four pillars: risk management, incident reporting, business continuity, corporate accountability.
• Strict timelines: 24-hour early warnings, 72-hour notifications, one-month final reports.
• Mandates supply chain security, access controls, encryption.
• Built on standards like ISO 27001; no formal certification but national enforcement.

Why Organizations Use It

Legal obligation for in-scope entities to avoid fines up to 2% global turnover. Enhances resilience against threats, builds stakeholder trust, ensures continuity. Provides competitive edge through proactive cybersecurity.

Implementation Overview

Applies to medium/large entities (>50 employees, >€10M turnover) in EU sectors. Involves risk assessments, training, reporting setup, supply chain audits. Member states transposed by October 2024; ongoing spot checks by authorities. Tailor to national variations.

What It Is

K-PIPA (Personal Information Protection Act) is South Korea's comprehensive data protection regulation, enacted in 2011 with major amendments in 2020, 2023, and 2024. It protects personal information of Korean residents, including sensitive data like health and biometrics, applying to all data handlers—domestic and foreign—with a consent-centric, risk-based approach emphasizing transparency and accountability.

Key Components

• Core principles: transparency, purpose limitation, data minimization, explicit consent.
• Obligations: mandatory Chief Privacy Officers (CPOs), security measures (encryption, access controls), data subject rights (access, erasure, portability within 10 days).
• Breach notifications within 72 hours; cross-border transfers require consent or certifications.
• Enforced by PIPC with fines up to 3% of revenue; no fixed control count, but granular requirements.

Why Organizations Use It

• Legal compliance mandatory for entities processing Korean data to avoid fines (e.g., Google's $50M penalty).
• Enhances risk management, builds stakeholder trust, enables EU adequacy data flows.
• Strategic benefits: privacy-by-design fosters innovation, competitive edge in Asia-Pacific.

Implementation Overview

• Phased: gap analysis, CPO appointment, data mapping, technical controls, training.
• Applies to all sizes/industries targeting Koreans; audits via PIPC guidelines, no formal certification but ISMS-P recommended. (178 words)