What It Is

The NIS2 Directive (Directive (EU) 2022/2555) is an EU regulation updating the original NIS Directive to establish a high common level of cybersecurity resilience across member states. It targets essential and important entities in expanded sectors like energy, transport, health, and digital infrastructure, using a risk-based, continuous assurance approach with an all-hazards methodology.

Key Components

• **Risk managementOngoing assessments, supply chain security, access controls, encryption.
• **Incident reporting24-hour early warnings, 72-hour notifications, final reports within one month.
• **Business continuityRecovery plans and crisis procedures.
• **Corporate accountabilityDirect responsibility for senior management. Built on principles of harmonization and cooperation; compliance via national transposition, spot checks, no formal certification but evidence-based audits.

Why Organizations Use It

Mandatory for covered entities to avoid fines up to 2% global turnover; enhances resilience against threats, ensures service continuity, builds stakeholder trust, and supports cross-border collaboration. Provides strategic cyber maturity and competitive edge in regulated sectors.

Implementation Overview

Assess applicability by size/sector; implement measures, register with authorities, train staff, monitor continuously. Applies to medium/large EU entities in critical sectors; varies by member state post-October 2024 transposition. Focuses on enterprise-wide transformation with ongoing audits.

What It Is

PMBOK® Guide (Project Management Body of Knowledge), published by PMI, is a global standard and framework for project management. It codifies generally accepted practices for planning, executing, and governing projects across industries. The approach evolved from process-based (6th edition) to principle- and outcome-based (7th/8th editions), emphasizing tailoring for predictive, agile, or hybrid lifecycles.

Key Components

• **Five Process GroupsInitiating, Planning, Executing, Monitoring/Controlling, Closing.
• **Ten Knowledge AreasIntegration, Scope, Schedule, Cost, Quality, Resources, Communications, Risk, Procurement, Stakeholders.
• 12 Principles and performance domains (e.g., governance, risk) in modern editions.
• ITTOs (Inputs, Tools/Techniques, Outputs) for ~49 processes; no formal certification but aligns with PMP.

Why Organizations Use It

• Enhances predictability, reduces overruns via standardized governance.
• Supports compliance in regulated sectors through traceability.
• Drives value delivery, stakeholder trust, and competitive edge.
• PMI research shows high-performers 3x more likely to standardize.

Implementation Overview

• Phased: assessment, tailoring, pilots, rollout, audits.
• Involves training, PMO setup, tools; suits all sizes/industries.
• Voluntary; maturity via OPM3; 12-24 months typical.