FISMA
U.S. federal law mandating risk-based cybersecurity for agencies
U.S. SEC Cybersecurity Rules
U.S. SEC rules for cybersecurity incident disclosure and governance.
Quick Verdict
FISMA mandates risk-based security for federal systems via NIST RMF, while U.S. SEC rules require public firms to disclose material incidents in 4 days and annual governance. Agencies ensure compliance; companies build investor trust and avoid penalties.
FISMA
Federal Information Security Modernization Act of 2014
Key Features
- Mandates NIST RMF 7-step risk management process
- Requires continuous monitoring and ongoing authorization
- Applies to federal agencies and contractors handling federal data
- Enforces FIPS 199 impact-based system categorization
- Demands annual IG evaluations and OMB reporting
U.S. SEC Cybersecurity Rules
Cybersecurity Risk Management, Strategy, Governance, Incident Disclosure
Key Features
- Four-business-day material incident disclosure via Form 8-K
- Annual risk management, strategy, governance in Form 10-K
- Inline XBRL tagging for machine-readable disclosures
- Board oversight and management expertise requirements
- Third-party cybersecurity risk oversight processes
Detailed Analysis
A comprehensive look at the specific requirements, scope, and impact of each standard.
FISMA Details
What It Is
Federal Information Security Modernization Act (FISMA) of 2014 is a U.S. federal law establishing a risk-based framework for protecting federal information and systems. It modernizes the 2002 E-Government Act, mandating agency-wide information security programs focused on confidentiality, integrity, and availability via the NIST Risk Management Framework (RMF).
Key Components
- NIST RMF 7 steps: Prepare, Categorize, Select, Implement, Assess, Authorize, Monitor.
- FIPS 199 system categorization (Low/Moderate/High impact).
- NIST SP 800-53 controls (20 families, baselines in 800-53B).
- Continuous monitoring, ATO decisions, annual IG evaluations, OMB/CISA oversight.
Why Organizations Use It
FISMA ensures legal compliance for federal agencies/contractors, reduces breach risks, enables market access (e.g., FedRAMP), and builds resilience. Noncompliance risks IG reports, funding loss, debarment.
Implementation Overview
Follow RMF phases: governance/inventory, categorize/select controls, implement/assess/authorize, continuous monitoring. Applies to federal executive agencies, contractors; suits all sizes via tailoring. Requires POA&Ms, annual reporting; no central certification but IG audits.
U.S. SEC Cybersecurity Rules Details
What It Is
U.S. SEC Cybersecurity Rules (Release No. 33-11216) are federal regulations mandating standardized disclosures for public companies. They focus on timely reporting of material cybersecurity incidents and ongoing risk management, strategy, and governance. The approach is materiality-based, aligning with securities law principles without bright-line thresholds.
Key Components
- **Incident disclosureForm 8-K Item 1.05 requires reporting material incidents within four business days.
- **Annual disclosuresRegulation S-K Item 106 covers risk processes, board oversight, and management roles in Forms 10-K/20-F.
- Inline XBRL tagging for structured data comparability.
- Built on existing securities frameworks; no fixed controls, emphasizes processes over technical details.
Why Organizations Use It
Public companies comply to meet legal obligations, protect investors, and enhance market efficiency. Benefits include reduced information asymmetry, stronger governance, and defensibility against enforcement like Yahoo or Ashford cases. Builds stakeholder trust amid rising cyber threats.
Implementation Overview
Phased rollout: incident reporting from Dec 2023, annual from FYE Dec 2023. Involves cross-functional playbooks, materiality frameworks, board reporting, and third-party oversight. Applies to all Exchange Act registrants; no external certification but SEC enforcement applies.
Key Differences
| Aspect | FISMA | U.S. SEC Cybersecurity Rules |
|---|---|---|
| Scope | Federal info systems security programs | Public company cyber incident disclosures |
| Industry | Federal agencies, contractors | All SEC registrants, public companies |
| Nature | Mandatory federal law, risk framework | Mandatory SEC disclosure regulation |
| Testing | Continuous monitoring, RMF assessments | Materiality determinations, no formal tests |
| Penalties | Loss of funding, debarment | SEC enforcement, civil penalties |
Scope
Industry
Nature
Testing
Penalties
Frequently Asked Questions
Common questions about FISMA and U.S. SEC Cybersecurity Rules
FISMA FAQ
U.S. SEC Cybersecurity Rules FAQ
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