What It Is

The NIS2 Directive (Directive (EU) 2022/2555) is an EU regulation expanding the original NIS Directive to boost cybersecurity resilience across member states. It targets essential and important entities in 18 sectors like energy, transport, and digital infrastructure using a size-cap rule (50+ employees or €10M turnover). Employs a risk-based approach for proactive threat mitigation.

Key Components

• **Risk managementContinuous assessments, supply chain security, access controls, encryption.
• **Incident reporting24-hour early warning, 72-hour notification, one-month final report to CSIRTs.
• **Corporate accountabilitySenior management direct responsibility.
• **Business continuityResilience and recovery plans.

Incorporates standards like ISO 27001; enforced via national authorities with spot checks, no central certification.

Why Organizations Use It

• Mandatory compliance avoids fines up to €10M or 2% global turnover.
• Builds cyber resilience, protects critical services.
• Enhances trust, reputation; strategic amid rising threats.
• Harmonizes EU-wide cooperation.

Implementation Overview

Conduct gap analysis, deploy measures, train staff, register entities. Applies to medium/large EU orgs in scope; 12-18 months typical, with ongoing audits and adaptations to national transpositions by October 2024. (178 words)

What It Is

Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA) is a U.S. federal regulation enacted in 1998 (effective 2000), enforced by the FTC. It protects privacy of children under 13 by mandating verifiable parental consent before operators collect personal data from child-directed websites, apps, IoT devices, or services with actual knowledge of child users. Its consent-based approach emphasizes parental control and data minimization.

Key Components

• **Verifiable Parental Consent (VPC)11+ methods (e.g., credit card, video call) scaled by data risk.
• **Privacy NoticesComprehensive policies detailing collection/use.
• **Parental RightsAccess, review, deletion, revocation.
• **Data SecurityReasonable measures; minimization and retention limits.
• Safe harbors for self-regulatory compliance.

Why Organizations Use It

• Legal compliance avoids FTC fines up to $43,792 per violation (e.g., YouTube's $170M).
• Manages risks from edtech, ads, AI tracking.
• Builds parental/stakeholder trust; global applicability enhances reputation.
• Competitive advantage in kids' gaming/entertainment.

Implementation Overview

• Assess child-directed content; deploy age screens, VPC mechanisms, policies.
• Audit third-parties; train staff; data minimization.
• Applies to commercial operators targeting U.S. kids worldwide, all sizes; no formal certification but FTC enforcement/safe harbors.