What is the primary objective of **PIPL**?

**The primary objective of PIPL is to protect natural persons' personal information rights while regulating processing activities to promote reasonable data use.** Enacted August 20, 2021, and effective November 1, 2021, with 74 articles across eight chapters, PIPL governs collection, storage, use, transmission, disclosure, and deletion of personal information (Article 1).

Who is legally or professionally required to comply with **PIPL**?

**PIPL applies to all personal information handlers processing data of natural persons within China, plus extraterritorial handlers providing products/services to or analyzing behaviors of individuals in China (Article 3).** This includes domestic and foreign organizations; foreign entities must appoint a China-based representative (Article 53). Handlers processing PI of >1 million individuals must designate a **Personal Information Protection Officer**.

Does **PIPL** require an external audit or third-party certification?

**PIPL mandates internal compliance audits but requires third-party certification only for specific cross-border transfers.** Handlers of PI from >10 million individuals must audit every two years (2025 Measures); >1 million must appoint audit responsibles. Certification is one cross-border mechanism alongside CAC security assessments and **Standard Contractual Clauses (SCCs)**.

How often should an assessment for **PIPL** be performed?

**PIPL requires **Personal Information Protection Impact Assessments (PIPIAs)** before high-risk processing and regular internal audits.** PIPIAs are mandatory for **sensitive personal information (SPI)**, automated decision-making, transfers, and major-impact activities (Article 55), with records retained ≥3 years. Audits occur every two years for >10 million individuals' PI handlers.

What are the consequences of non-compliance with **PIPL**?

**Non-compliance with PIPL incurs administrative fines up to **RMB 50 million or 5% of prior-year global revenue**, whichever is higher, plus personal liability up to RMB 1 million for managers (Article 66).** Grave violations trigger business suspension, license revocation, and criminal penalties; examples include Didi's RMB 1.2 billion fine.

Can **PIPL** be mapped to other international frameworks?

**Yes, PIPL shares principles like lawfulness, minimization, and accountability with frameworks such as GDPR, enabling partial mapping.** Similarities include data subject rights, SPI protections, and impact assessments, but PIPL lacks a "legitimate interests" basis and emphasizes consent, localization for **Critical Information Infrastructure Operators (CIIOs)**, and national security.

What is the first step to begin implementing **PIPL**?

**The first step for PIPL implementation is a comprehensive gap analysis and data mapping (Phase 1).** Inventory PI flows, classify general vs. **sensitive personal information (SPI)** (e.g., biometrics, minors under 14), identify volumes (>1M triggers assessments), and produce a processing register with risk heatmap to prioritize remediation.

What is the primary objective of **AS9100**?

**AS9100 establishes a quality management system (QMS) for aviation, space, and defense organizations to ensure product safety, configuration integrity, and supply chain reliability.** It builds on ISO 9001:2015 with over 100 aerospace-specific requirements in its 10-clause Annex SL structure, emphasizing operational controls in Clause 8 for configuration management (8.1.2), product safety (8.1.3), and counterfeit parts prevention (8.1.4). The standard drives risk-based thinking across enterprise (Clause 6.1) and operational levels (8.1.1), reducing quality escapes in safety-critical environments.

Who is legally or professionally required to comply with **AS9100**?

**AS9100 applies to organizations designing, developing, manufacturing, or servicing aviation, space, and defense products and services.** It targets manufacturers of parts, materials suppliers, design centers, and MRO providers, with primes and OEMs mandating certification for supplier qualification via the IAQG OASIS database. While voluntary, it is a contractual prerequisite for market access; AS9110 suits MRO and AS9120 distributors specifically.

Does **AS9100** require an external audit or third-party certification?

**Yes, AS9100 certification requires accredited third-party audits by IAQG-approved bodies.** The process includes Stage 1 (documentation/readiness review) and Stage 2 (implementation/effectiveness verification), with nonconformities resolved typically within 60–90 days. Certification is listed in OASIS for supplier visibility.

How often should an assessment for **AS9100** be performed?

**AS9100 requires annual surveillance audits and recertification every three years post-initial certification.** Internal audits occur per a planned program (Clause 9.2), with management reviews addressing performance, risks, and improvements (Clause 9.3).

What are the consequences of non-compliance with **AS9100**?

**Non-compliance risks certification suspension, loss of OASIS listing, and exclusion from OEM supply chains.** It leads to contractual penalties, rejected bids, increased scrutiny, and potential safety incidents from gaps in configuration, product safety, or counterfeit controls.

Can **AS9100** be mapped to other international frameworks?

**Yes, AS9100D aligns with ISO 9001:2015’s Annex SL structure for integrated management systems.** Its 10-clause format supports mapping to compatible standards while retaining aerospace-specific additions like Clause 8 controls.

What is the first step to begin implementing **AS9100**?

**Conduct a gap analysis against AS9100D clauses to identify compliance gaps and define QMS scope (Clause 4).** Assemble a cross-functional team, map processes, and prioritize aerospace requirements like operational risks and supplier controls.

PIPL vs AS9100

Standards Comparison

PIPL

Mandatory

2021

China's comprehensive law for personal information protection

AS9100

Mandatory

2016

International standard for aerospace quality management systems.

Quick Verdict

PIPL mandates privacy protection for personal data in China with extraterritorial reach and hefty fines, while AS9100 is a voluntary aerospace QMS certification ensuring product safety and quality. Companies adopt PIPL for legal compliance and market access; AS9100 for supplier qualification and reliability.

Data Privacy

PIPL

Personal Information Protection Law (PIPL)

Cost

€€€€

Complexity

Medium

Implementation Time

6-12 months

Key Features

Extraterritorial application to foreign entities targeting China
Explicit separate consent for sensitive personal information
Tiered cross-border transfers with security reviews and SCCs
Fines up to 5% annual revenue or RMB 50 million
Mandatory impact assessments for high-risk processing activities

Quality Management

AS9100

AS9100D: Quality Management Systems Requirements

Cost

€€€€

Complexity

High

Implementation Time

12-18 months

Key Features

Configuration management for product integrity
Product safety processes across lifecycle
Counterfeit parts prevention and detection
Operational risk management in Clause 8
Enhanced supplier controls and traceability

Detailed Analysis

A comprehensive look at the specific requirements, scope, and impact of each standard.

PIPL Details

What It Is

Personal Information Protection Law (PIPL) is China's comprehensive national regulation, enacted August 2021 and effective November 1, 2021. It governs collection, processing, storage, transfer, and deletion of personal information, applying domestically and extraterritorially to foreign entities targeting Chinese individuals. PIPL uses a risk-based approach emphasizing consent, minimization, and security, forming a triad with Cybersecurity Law and Data Security Law.

Key Components

Eight chapters, 74 articles covering processing rules, cross-border transfers, individual rights, handler obligations.
Core principles: lawfulness, necessity, minimization, transparency, accountability.
Sensitive personal information (SPI) rules, automated decision-making restrictions, seven legal bases (consent-dominant).
Compliance via impact assessments, audits; no certification but CAC security reviews for transfers.

Why Organizations Use It

PIPL compliance mitigates fines up to 5% annual revenue, operational disruptions, reputational harm. It enables market access, builds consumer trust, enhances resilience via data governance. Strategic for multinationals in e-commerce, fintech; reduces breach costs, supports cross-border business.

Implementation Overview

Phased approach: gap analysis, data mapping, policy development, controls, ongoing audits (6-12 months typical). Applies to all handling Chinese PI; high complexity for globals needing localization, representatives. No formal certification; CAC enforcement via inspections, penalties.

AS9100 Details

What It Is

AS9100D (AS9100:2016) is the international quality management system standard for aviation, space, and defense organizations. It builds on ISO 9001:2015 with over 100 aerospace-specific requirements, using a process-based, risk-focused approach to ensure product safety and supply chain integrity.

Key Components

10-clause structure aligned with Annex SL.
Core additions: configuration management (8.1.2), product safety (8.1.3), counterfeit prevention (8.1.4), operational risks (8.1.1).
Built on PDCA cycle with leadership accountability, risk-based planning, and continual improvement.
Certification via accredited third-party audits (Stage 1/2, surveillance).

Why Organizations Use It

Required by OEMs for market access.
Reduces defects, improves delivery, mitigates safety risks.
Enhances supplier performance and traceability.
Builds stakeholder trust via OASIS database visibility.

Implementation Overview

Phased: gap analysis, process design, training, internal audits.
Applies to manufacturers, designers, MROs globally.
6-18 months typical, evidence-driven audits required.

Key Differences

Aspect	PIPL	AS9100
Scope	Personal information processing, privacy rights, cross-border transfers	Aerospace quality management, product safety, configuration control
Industry	All sectors handling Chinese personal data, global extraterritorial	Aviation, space, defense manufacturing and services
Nature	Mandatory national law with CAC enforcement	Voluntary certification standard based on ISO 9001
Testing	DPIAs, security assessments, CAC reviews	Third-party audits, surveillance, recertification every 3 years
Penalties	Fines up to 5% revenue or RMB 50M	Loss of certification, contract disqualification

Scope

PIPL

Personal information processing, privacy rights, cross-border transfers

AS9100

Aerospace quality management, product safety, configuration control

Industry

PIPL

All sectors handling Chinese personal data, global extraterritorial

AS9100

Aviation, space, defense manufacturing and services

Nature

PIPL

Mandatory national law with CAC enforcement

AS9100

Voluntary certification standard based on ISO 9001

Testing

PIPL

DPIAs, security assessments, CAC reviews

AS9100

Third-party audits, surveillance, recertification every 3 years

Penalties

PIPL

Fines up to 5% revenue or RMB 50M

AS9100

Loss of certification, contract disqualification

Frequently Asked Questions

Common questions about PIPL and AS9100

PIPL FAQ

AS9100 FAQ

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PIPL

AS9100

Quick Verdict

PIPL

Key Features

AS9100

Key Features

Detailed Analysis

PIPL Details

What It Is

Key Components

Why Organizations Use It

Implementation Overview

AS9100 Details

What It Is

Key Components

Why Organizations Use It

Implementation Overview

Key Differences

Scope

Industry

Nature

Testing

Penalties

Frequently Asked Questions

PIPL FAQ

What is the primary objective of PIPL?

Who is legally or professionally required to comply with PIPL?

Does PIPL require an external audit or third-party certification?

How often should an assessment for PIPL be performed?

What are the consequences of non-compliance with PIPL?

Can PIPL be mapped to other international frameworks?

What is the first step to begin implementing PIPL?

AS9100 FAQ

What is the primary objective of AS9100?

Who is legally or professionally required to comply with AS9100?

Does AS9100 require an external audit or third-party certification?

How often should an assessment for AS9100 be performed?

What are the consequences of non-compliance with AS9100?

Can AS9100 be mapped to other international frameworks?

What is the first step to begin implementing AS9100?

You Might also be Interested in These Articles...

Top 5 Audit Survival Secrets for Your First SOC 2 Type 2: What Auditors Really Check (and How to Pass)

From Data Fragments to Strategic Insight: Powering Intelligent Risk Management with Integrated Compliance Monitoring

ISO 27701 Implementation Roadmap: Step-by-Step Guide for Extending Your ISO 27001 ISMS to PIMS

Run Maturity Assessments with GRADUM

Check out these other Gradum.io Standards Comparison Pages

COPPA vs UAE PDPL

OSHA vs ISO 27018

ISO 9001 vs CSL (Cyber Security Law of China)